Kevin Hamilton
PEPS was conceived as a journal
that would feature both high-quality primary research articles and review
articles (Tsuda, 2014). Currently the
goal for PEPS is to publish about 30%
review articles, and submission of review articles is encouraged by a generous
policy of waiving the article processing charges. As of today (June 23, 2015) the PEPS web site
lists 39
total articles published of which 13 are identified as review articles, so
we have been close to matching the 30% target.
This mix of primary research and
review articles will distinguish PEPS from almost all of the other important
journals in earth sciences. The current earth
science publishing “ecosystem” includes mainly either outlets just for review
articles (notably AGU’s Reviews of
Geophysics and the Annual Reviews of
Earth and Planetary Science), or journals that in some cases will accept
review articles, but in practice publish almost nothing but primary research
articles. There are some high profile
journals, notably Science and Nature, that invite a significant number
of critical review articles to go along with the many primary research papers
they publish, but these are rather specialized articles which are notable both for
their narrow focus on one critical issue and their brevity (typically capped at
a just a few pages). By contrast, PEPS encourages a range of review
articles from brief critical reviews to longer, more comprehensive reviews of
recent research in particular areas.
Given the prominence anticipated for
review articles in PEPS I present
here a little history and a few thoughts that may provide some context and
inspiration for potential contributors.
The modern scientific journal was born
with the initial publication of the Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1665. This was developed for the membership of the
Royal Society but was a personal project of its Secretary, Henry Oldenburg, and
was initially set up “at his own financial risk and profit” (UKPA, 2004). Oldenburg’s conception of a regular dated serial
publication presenting individual papers by various authors had the key
advantage of documenting priority and credit for discoveries (UKPA, 2004). Oldenburg also originated another key feature
of the modern scientific journal: “the Philosophical Transactions from its
outset did not publish all the material it received; the Council of the Society
reviewed the contributions Oldenburg received before approving a selection of
them for publication. Albeit primitive, this is the first recorded instance of peer
review".
The success of the Royal Society’s
efforts helped spawn imitators throughout Europe although few of the early
journals had much lasting impact.
According to Porter (1964) “today's characteristic form of the
scientific paper appeared about 1780-1790, with the publication of specialized
journals in physics, chemistry, biology, agriculture, and medicine”. Porter
(1964) reports that by 1830 over 300 scientific journals were being
published. This was near the beginning
of a period now exceeding two centuries of revolutionary growth in scientific
research activity and scientific publishing.
With the growth of published knowledge
the difficulty for individual investigators to assimilate the huge volume of
recently published work became apparent.
One of the first responses was the compilation of periodical scientific
indexes that would collect (or even prepare) abstracts of recently published
papers. Porter (1964) finds that, after
some earlier false starts, many abstracting services began operations starting
around 1830. Beyond this kind of aid the
need for more sophisticated summaries and critical reviews of the primary
literature must have been felt by many scientists. Publication of papers resulting from special
Annual Lectures and the Presidential Lectures of some scientific societies
provided one outlet for more leisurely reviews of the state of a field than is
typical for primary research articles, but relatively few “review” papers seem
to have been published in the 19th century or early 20th
century.
The middle decades of the 20th
century saw the development of specialized publications just for reviews and
the emergence of the modern form of the scientific review article. One of the
pioneering (and enduring) publishing efforts - the Annual Reviews series - began in 1932 founded by a young Stanford
professor who felt the lack of available systematic reviews of current research
acutely when he agreed to give an advanced graduate course on current research
in biochemistry (Luck, 1981). Much
later, recalling his motivation, he noted that “even in 1930 Chemical Abstracts published about 6500
abstracts of papers on biochemistry” (Luck, 1981). Although initially focused on biology and
chemistry, the Annual Reviews series has
expanded to cover almost 50 subjects including the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics and Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, both of which have
been very influential in various aspects of earth sciences.
A key development in our field was the
inauguration of the Reviews of Geophysics
by AGU in 1963. For more than five
decades the Reviews of Geophysics (in
some periods under the name Reviews of
Geophysics and Space Physics) has been the world’s highest profile journal
specifically for review articles in the earth and planetary sciences. It is a flagship of the AGU publishing
enterprise and has by far the highest Thomson-Reuters “impact factor” of any
AGU journal. My own experience as a
coauthor of a Reviews of Geophysics
article 15 years ago has been quite gratifying – a quick check with Google
Scholar reveals more than 1000 total citations for this article, more than 4
times that of any of the primary research articles I have published over the
last 3 decades. Writing a widely-read
review article is a useful service to the community but it also comes with a
reward of broad recognition for the authors.
We hope that PEPS will provide additional opportunity for scholars to publish
very high quality review articles in any field of the earth and planetary
sciences. As the leadership in science publishing spreads globally it is an
exciting moment for JpGU to create a journal featuring review articles that aim
to have the high impact of those in AGU’s Reviews
of Geophysics.
As noted above, valuable contributions
to the review literature can include articles with a variety of specific aims
and in a corresponding variety of formats.
The typical article in Reviews of
Geophysics or Annual Reviews of Earth
and Planetary Science attempts a fairly comprehensive review of recent work
in some topical subfield of earth science, and will have well in excess of 100
references and occupy ~30-60 pages. In
addition to such reviews there is a need for the more focused and briefer
reviews, perhaps touching on a single controversial and quite specific question. As I noted earlier, Nature and Science
feature high profile articles of this type, generally ~5-8 pages in
length. Of course, many articles will
fall between the extremes of the very focused “topical” and the longer “comprehensive”
reviews. One overriding requirement is
that any review article should be conceived and written for a fairly wide
potential readership, as the main purpose is to make the primary specialized
research literature more accessible.
There seems not to be much of a published
literature to guide the preparation of scientific review articles. One very valuable document titled “How to Write a
Scientific Review Paper” has been produced and posted on the web by
“albertshaldar”. This appears to be a
set of instructions for students in a university biology course who were given
a class project to write a draft review article, but the document is quite
substantial and is useful for more than just an ephemeral class project. “albertshaldar”
notes a review article should be “a creative synthesis of the literature… …beyond
just reporting the results and conclusions of other studies, the review must
integrate, interpret and expand these conclusions… the independent conclusions
of separate investigations must be combined into a cohesive presentation. They
must be contrasted and compared ….Can apparent conflicts be resolved through a
new outlook or interpretation?.” “albertshaldar”
encourages potential authors to make sure they have a good grounding in the
basic literature of a field as embodied in textbooks and monographs before they
begin a compilation of the recent literature they propose to review. The web posting by “albertshaldar” contains
much information that will be useful for veteran professional scientists as
well as students, including a guide to the precise use of often misused
words.
PEPS is already off to a good
start in attracting and publishing high quality review articles. I hope many
authors are inspired to write widely useful review articles and will consider PEPS as an appropriate high profile
journal in which to publish. Feel free
to contact any editor if you want to discuss possible topics for such an
article.
References:
Luck, J. M., 1981: Confessions of a
biochemist. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 50, 1-23. DOI:10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.000245.
Porter, J. R., 1964: The scientific
journal – 300th anniversary. Bacteriological
Reviews, 28, 3, 211-230.
Tsuda, T., 2014: Preface to the first
volume of PEPS. Progress in Earth and
Planetary Science, 1, 1, DOI:10.1186/2197-4284-1-1.
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Prof. Kevin Hamilton, a member of Editorial Advisory Board, Editor
of Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Sciences Section, Retired professor and Director, International Pacific Research
Center, University of Hawaii |
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